What is a digital wallet?
A
digital wallet, or e-wallet, is a digital application or service that helps users make payments using stored payment credentials, stored monetary value, or linked bank/payment accounts.
Depending on the product, a wallet may store tokenised card credentials, hold prepaid value, connect to a bank account, or support contactless and online payments.
How do digital wallets work?
A typical card-based digital wallet transaction can work like this:
- Setup: The user adds an eligible card or payment method to the wallet.
- Credential protection: The wallet or payment ecosystem may replace the actual card details with a payment token.
- Payment initiation: The customer selects the wallet online or taps a compatible device at a physical terminal.
- Authentication: The user may authenticate using biometrics, a device passcode, or another supported method.
- Authorisation: Payment information is passed through the relevant processor, card network, and issuer for approval.
- Confirmation: The merchant and customer receive the transaction result.
What are the different types of digital wallets?
There is no single global classification for all digital wallets. In India, the RBI's PPI framework is particularly relevant.
Closed-system wallets
A
closed-system payment instrument is issued by a business for purchasing goods or services from that same business.
The value generally cannot be used to make payments to unrelated third-party merchants or withdrawn as cash.
Examples can include store credit or balances usable only within one merchant ecosystem.
Semi-closed PPIs
Semi-closed PPIs can be used at a group of identified merchants or establishments that have arrangements with the issuer.
Open PPIs
Open-system PPIs are issued by banks and can support broader payment functionality, including purchases, funds transfer, and cash withdrawal for eligible full-KYC PPIs. These regulatory categories should not be confused with mobile wallets such as Apple Pay or Google Pay.
Is Google Pay or Apple Pay a digital wallet?
Yes, both can function as
digital wallets, but that does not automatically make them “open wallets” under India's PPI classification.
Card-based mobile wallets can allow users to provision eligible cards onto a device, while the payment may still run over the linked card network.
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What technologies do digital wallets use?
Digital wallets can use
tokenisation, NFC, QR codes, biometric authentication, encryption, device binding, and other security controls depending on the product and payment rail.
What are the benefits of digital wallets?
Digital wallets can offer
faster checkout, contactless payments, less exposure of card details through tokenisation, and easier payment management. For merchants, a familiar wallet can also reduce checkout friction.
Are digital wallets secure?
Digital wallets can provide strong security features, but it is too broad to say they are always safer than physical cards or every other payment method.
Security depends on the wallet, device, underlying payment rail, authentication method, and user behaviour. Common protections include
tokenisation, biometrics, encryption, device binding, alerts, and issuer or network fraud controls.
Users should still protect device access and avoid approving unknown payment or authentication requests.
Digital wallet vs UPI: what is the difference?
In India,
UPI and digital wallets are not the same thing.
UPI is a real-time account-to-account payment system. In a standard UPI transaction, funds move between linked bank accounts.
A stored-value wallet holds money within the wallet or PPI itself.
| Digital wallet / PPI | UPI |
|---|
| May store value or payment credentials | Primarily moves money between bank accounts |
| Capabilities vary by wallet | Uses the UPI payment system |
| May use cards, QR, NFC, or other rails | Commonly initiated through UPI IDs, QR codes, or linked accounts |
| Can have wallet-specific limits and rules | Subject to UPI and participating-bank rules |
Digital wallet vs payment gateway
A
digital wallet is a payment method or consumer-facing payment experience.
A
payment gateway is merchant-side infrastructure that securely captures and transmits payment information so a transaction can be processed.
An online merchant may therefore use a payment gateway that supports several wallets alongside cards, bank transfers, and other payment methods.
What should businesses consider when accepting digital wallets?
The right wallet mix depends on the customer base.
Consider
customer adoption, device compatibility, payment rails, authentication, success rates, fees, refunds, settlement, and integration effort.
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