What is working capital?

Working capital is the difference between your business's current assets and current liabilities.

The formula is simple:

Working Capital = Current Assets − Current Liabilities

Current assets can include cash, accounts receivable, and inventory. Current liabilities include short-term obligations such as supplier payments, accrued expenses, and certain borrowings.

If your business has ₹50 lakh in current assets and ₹35 lakh in current liabilities:

Working capital = ₹50 lakh − ₹35 lakh = ₹15 lakh

That ₹15 lakh is not necessarily spare cash. Some of it may still be tied up in receivables or inventory, so working capital should be read alongside actual cash flow.

Why is working capital important?

Because bills rarely wait for your customers to pay you.

Working capital helps you see whether the business can handle short-term commitments such as salaries, supplier invoices, rent, inventory, and taxes. It also highlights when too much money is getting stuck in receivables or inventory.

You may be selling more every month, but if customers take longer to pay, growth itself can create a cash squeeze.

What does positive or negative working capital mean?

Positive working capital

Positive working capital means current assets are greater than current liabilities.

That can indicate stronger short-term liquidity, but more is not always better. Very high working capital may also point to slow inventory or receivables.

Negative working capital

Negative working capital means current liabilities exceed current assets.

That can signal liquidity pressure, although some businesses collect from customers quickly and pay suppliers later, allowing them to operate efficiently with low or negative working capital.

The better question is: “Can my business comfortably meet its short-term obligations while continuing to operate?”

How do you calculate working capital?

Use the totals for current assets and current liabilities on your balance sheet.

For example, if current assets are ₹70 lakh and current liabilities are ₹50 lakh:

Net working capital = ₹20 lakh

The number becomes more useful when you track it over time rather than looking at one month in isolation.

What is the working capital cycle?

The working capital cycle looks at how long cash stays tied up in day-to-day operations before coming back into the business.

A commonly used measure is the cash conversion cycle:

Inventory Days + Receivables Days − Payables Days

If inventory sits for 20 days, customers pay in 40 days, and suppliers are paid in 30 days:

20 + 40 − 30 = 30 days

So cash is tied up in the operating cycle for roughly 30 days.

For a services business, receivables can be the bigger story. If an overseas customer takes 60 days to pay instead of 30, that extra month can put pressure on payroll or vendors.

What are the main types of working capital?

Gross working capital

Gross working capital is the total value of your current assets before subtracting current liabilities.

Net working capital

Net working capital is the figure most people mean when they say “working capital”:

Current assets − current liabilities

Permanent working capital

This describes the baseline level of short-term resources a business typically needs to keep normal operations running.

Temporary working capital

This is additional working capital needed for seasonal demand, a large order, or another short-term increase in activity.

For example, an exporter may need extra funds to purchase materials before fulfilling a large overseas order, then recover that cash when the customer pays.

How can you improve working capital?

Collect receivables sooner

Invoice promptly, set clear payment terms, follow up on overdue invoices, and make it easy for customers to pay.

Manage inventory carefully

Too much slow-moving inventory locks cash into products that have not yet generated revenue.

Review supplier terms

Longer payment terms can preserve cash for longer, provided they are agreed with suppliers and do not damage important relationships.

Forecast instead of reacting

Track upcoming receivables and liabilities together. A working capital issue is much easier to manage when you can see it coming.

How do international payments affect working capital?

For businesses with overseas customers, accounts receivable can become a major working capital lever. Long invoice terms, banking days, reconciliation delays, FX conversion, and settlement timing can all keep cash tied up for longer.

Payment collection is therefore also a working capital question.

How PayGlocal can help make international collections easier

PayGlocal helps Indian businesses collect payments from customers and marketplaces globally through cross-border payment infrastructure.

With Multi-Currency Accounts, businesses can collect in supported local currencies or globally across 33 currencies, while tracking payment and settlement status from one place. Downloadable FIRA also helps keep inward-remittance records organised.

None of this changes the working capital formula. But making international receivables easier to collect, track, and reconcile can help keep the receivables side of the cycle moving.