An Indian exporter invoices a US customer for $10,000. By the time the payment arrives, the USD/INR rate has moved.
The invoice amount has not changed, but the INR value of the payment has.
That is exchange-rate risk in practice.
To understand why currencies move, it helps to separate two ideas: exchange-rate regimes, which describe how a country manages its currency, and exchange-rate quotes, such as spot or forward rates used in actual transactions.
The invoice amount has not changed, but the INR value of the payment has.
That is exchange-rate risk in practice.
To understand why currencies move, it helps to separate two ideas: exchange-rate regimes, which describe how a country manages its currency, and exchange-rate quotes, such as spot or forward rates used in actual transactions.
TL;DR
- The three broad exchange-rate regimes are fixed, floating, and managed.
- A fixed rate is pegged to another currency or basket; a floating rate is largely market-determined; a managed arrangement combines market pricing with central-bank intervention.
- India has had a market-determined exchange rate since 1993, while RBI intervenes to curb excessive volatility rather than target a fixed INR level.
- Businesses should also understand spot and forward rates, because those affect the actual conversion value of international payments.
What is an exchange rate?
An exchange rate tells you how much of one currency is needed to buy another.
For example:
$1 = ₹87
means one US dollar can be exchanged for ₹87.
What are the three main types of exchange-rate regimes?
| Regime | How the rate is set | Main advantage | Main trade-off |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed | Pegged by the monetary authority | Predictability | Requires intervention/reserves |
| Floating | Largely driven by market demand and supply | Flexibility | Greater potential volatility |
| Managed | Market-driven with central-bank intervention | Balance of flexibility and stability | Policy can be less predictable |
The IMF uses more detailed categories, but fixed, floating, and managed remain useful broad groupings.
1. Fixed exchange rate
Under a fixed or pegged exchange-rate regime, a country's currency is tied to another currency, a basket of currencies, or another reference.
If market pressure pushes the currency away from the peg, the central bank may buy or sell foreign currency or use other policy tools to defend it.
Advantages
- more predictable import and export pricing
- lower short-term currency uncertainty
- can provide a nominal policy anchor
Risks
- requires sufficient reserves and policy credibility
- can restrict monetary-policy flexibility
- an unsustainable peg may eventually need adjustment or devaluation
A fixed rate does not necessarily mean the market rate never moves at all. Some pegged systems permit movement within a defined band.
2. Floating exchange rate
In a floating regime, the exchange rate is largely determined by demand and supply in the foreign-exchange market.
The value can move as investors, businesses, banks, governments, and consumers buy or sell currencies.
What can move a floating currency?
- inflation and interest-rate expectations
- trade and current-account flows
- foreign investment and capital flows
- economic growth
- political or geopolitical risk
- central-bank expectations
- commodity prices
A floating regime can still involve intervention aimed at moderating excessive fluctuations without targeting a predetermined level.
3. Managed exchange rate
A managed arrangement combines market pricing with central-bank intervention to reduce volatility or influence market conditions.
Importantly, a managed exchange rate does not always operate inside a fixed public band. Intervention can occur without a pre-announced target or path.
That is why “managed float” is a broad description rather than one single policy design.
What exchange-rate system does India use?
India moved to a market-determined exchange-rate system in March 1993.
RBI states that the rupee is largely determined by market demand and supply. It intervenes in the foreign-exchange market to curb excessive volatility and maintain orderly conditions, without targeting a specific exchange-rate level.
The IMF's 2025 assessment describes India's de jure arrangement as floating and its observed arrangement as crawl-like for the period assessed.
Exchange-rate regime vs spot and forward rate
Businesses also encounter different rate types when converting money.
Spot exchange rate
The spot rate is the rate for exchanging currencies for near-immediate settlement.
Forward exchange rate
A forward rate is agreed today for a currency exchange that will take place at a future date.
Nominal exchange rate
This is the quoted price of one currency in another, such as $1 = ₹87.
Real exchange rate
The real exchange rate adjusts the nominal rate for relative price levels or inflation between economies. ## What affects foreign exchange rates?
Exchange rates move with interest rates, inflation expectations, trade flows, capital movements, central-bank policy, commodity prices, political risk, and global shocks. No single factor determines the rate on its own.
Why exchange rates matter for international businesses
Currency moves can change the INR value of export receivables and the cost of imports.
Businesses should therefore look at more than the headline exchange rate. Also check:
- FX markup
- transfer fees
- intermediary deductions
- conversion timing
- settlement timing
- whether the quoted rate is locked or indicative
How PayGlocal handles FX for international collections
PayGlocal's Multi-Currency Accounts let Indian businesses collect through local bank rails in 130+ global currencies from 180+ countries.
The product provides live FX visibility, INR settlement into the merchant's Indian bank account, automated FIRA, and currently states that MCA pricing adds no separate FX markup.
